LEMP Stack auf Ubuntu installieren

Der LEMP Stack ersetzt Apache durch Nginx - einen schnelleren, ressourcenschonenderen Webserver. Ideal für moderne Webanwendungen, WordPress und High-Traffic-Websites.

LAMP vs. LEMP

1. System aktualisieren

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y

2. Nginx installieren

# Nginx installieren
sudo apt install nginx -y

# Status prüfen
sudo systemctl status nginx

# Autostart aktivieren
sudo systemctl enable nginx

# Firewall
sudo ufw allow 'Nginx Full'

Test: http://IHRE-SERVER-IP zeigt Nginx-Willkommensseite.

3. MySQL/MariaDB installieren

# MariaDB installieren (empfohlen)
sudo apt install mariadb-server -y

# Absichern
sudo mysql_secure_installation

Datenbank einrichten

sudo mysql

CREATE USER 'webuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'sicheres_passwort';
CREATE DATABASE meine_webapp;
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON meine_webapp.* TO 'webuser'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;

4. PHP-FPM installieren

Nginx nutzt PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) statt mod_php:

# PHP-FPM mit Modulen
sudo apt install php-fpm php-mysql php-cli php-curl php-gd php-mbstring php-xml php-zip php-intl php-bcmath -y

# PHP-Version prüfen
php -v

# PHP-FPM Status
sudo systemctl status php8.3-fpm

5. Nginx für PHP konfigurieren

Standard-Konfiguration anpassen

sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/default

server {
    listen 80 default_server;
    listen [::]:80 default_server;

    root /var/www/html;
    index index.php index.html index.htm;

    server_name _;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    # PHP-Verarbeitung
    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.3-fpm.sock;
    }

    # .htaccess blockieren
    location ~ /\.ht {
        deny all;
    }
}

# Konfiguration testen
sudo nginx -t

# Nginx neu laden
sudo systemctl reload nginx

6. PHP testen

sudo nano /var/www/html/info.php

<?php
phpinfo();
?>

Öffnen: http://IHRE-SERVER-IP/info.php

# Nach Test löschen!
sudo rm /var/www/html/info.php

7. Virtual Host (Server Block) einrichten

# Verzeichnis erstellen
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/meine-website.de/public_html
sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/meine-website.de

# Server Block erstellen
sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/meine-website.de

server {
    listen 80;
    listen [::]:80;
    
    server_name meine-website.de www.meine-website.de;
    root /var/www/meine-website.de/public_html;
    
    index index.php index.html;
    
    # Logging
    access_log /var/log/nginx/meine-website.de.access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/meine-website.de.error.log;
    
    # Hauptlocation
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
    }
    
    # PHP
    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.3-fpm.sock;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
    }
    
    # Statische Dateien cachen
    location ~* \.(css|js|jpg|jpeg|png|gif|ico|svg|woff|woff2)$ {
        expires 30d;
        add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable";
    }
    
    # Versteckte Dateien blockieren
    location ~ /\. {
        deny all;
    }
}

# Site aktivieren
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/meine-website.de /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

# Testen und neu laden
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginx

8. PHP-FPM optimieren

sudo nano /etc/php/8.3/fpm/php.ini

# Anpassungen
upload_max_filesize = 64M
post_max_size = 64M
memory_limit = 256M
max_execution_time = 300
date.timezone = Europe/Berlin

Pool-Konfiguration

sudo nano /etc/php/8.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf

# Für Server mit 4GB RAM:
pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 20
pm.start_servers = 5
pm.min_spare_servers = 3
pm.max_spare_servers = 10

sudo systemctl restart php8.3-fpm

WordPress mit LEMP

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name wordpress.example.com;
    root /var/www/wordpress;
    index index.php;
    
    # WordPress Permalinks
    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;
    }
    
    # PHP
    location ~ \.php$ {
        include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
        fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php/php8.3-fpm.sock;
    }
    
    # wp-config.php schützen
    location = /wp-config.php {
        deny all;
    }
    
    # xmlrpc.php blockieren
    location = /xmlrpc.php {
        deny all;
    }
}

Nützliche Nginx-Befehle

sudo nginx -t              # Konfiguration testen
sudo systemctl reload nginx # Ohne Neustart neu laden
sudo systemctl restart nginx
sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log

Weitere Hilfe

• 📖 Nginx Dokumentation
• 📧 E-Mail: support@enjyn.de